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Artificial intelligence (AI) models developed for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) observations have demonstrated competitive performance in estimating geophysical parameters, especially ocean su...

Abstract Kinematic airborne platforms are becoming increasingly vital for Earth observation. They highlight the critical need for accurate tropospheric delay corrections across varying altitudes, especially as most exist...

Flood disasters, with high suddenness, wide impact and severe consequences, severely threaten ecological security, human lives, property and socioeconomic development. Optical remote sensing, though advantageous in spati...

With increasing impacts of climate change, vulnerable low-lying developing countries like Bangladesh have coastal zones that experience disproportionate loss and damage (L&D) that exceed the limits of local adaptation. T...

"SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and PolSAR (polarimetric synthetic aperture radar) images fulfill a fundamental role in Earth observation, due to their advantages over optical images. However, the presence of speckle noi...

The Andes Cordillera contains the most diverse cryosphere on Earth, including extensive areas covered by seasonal snow, numerous tropical and extratropical glaciers, and many mountain permafrost landforms. Here, we revie...

Abstract While the ultra‐low velocity zones (ULVZs) may hold key information about deep Earth dynamics, their elusive state and origin remain enigmatic. Recent high‐pressure experiments suggest that ULVZs may origina...

Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of global concern, and an accurate understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to assess its risks to humans and ecosystem health. Atmospheric oxidation of Hg is key to the deposition of...

Natural hazards such as earthquakes and combat scenarios create challenging conditions including uneven terrain and poor visibility, making rescue operations, medical supply delivery, and area assessment highly dangerous...

Indonesia is highly vulnerable to earthquakes that can trigger soil liquefaction, particularly in coastal regions where saturated sandy soils with low relative densities are prevalent. This study investigated the influen...

Abstract Glacier retreat transforms landscapes in polar and mountainous regions. Yet, the topography of the emerging terrain remains poorly known. Here, we present a physically consistent, global map of the ice-covered t...

Communication is one of the skills that need to be mastered by the 21st century generation. This includes communicating in harmony with the current pattern of the younger generation, which has a lot to do with the use of...

SIRGAS, Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las Américas, nació como un proyecto colaborativo de diferentes países latinoamericanos, con el objetivo de establecer un único sistema de referencia con los mayores es...

Due to error sources arising from undersampling of target signals and imperfections in background models, the single-pair satellite gravity missions equipped with the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking technology ar...

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission will advance global soil moisture monitoring through high-resolution L-band observations. However, accurate fine-scale retrieval remains challenging due to the 12-da...

Extreme hydrometeorological events are an increasing concern in Central Europe, particularly in the European Alps, where they pose significant threats to ecological and socio-economic systems. Risk assessment and managem...

Driven by satellite remote sensing observations, deep learning models provide a promising solution for the rapid estimation of subsurface thermohaline structures. By learning from large-scale paired surface–subsur...

Hydrological models commonly use very simple snow accumulation and melt models based on air temperature information, namely, a temperature threshold for snow accumulation as well as for snowmelt, and a melt factor. This ...

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a critical air pollutant with significant environmental and human health impacts, yet global and long-term NO2 datasets with daily continuity and fine spatial resolution remain limited. In this ...

Abstract Sinking macroalgal biomass carbon to the deep seafloor has been proposed as a means of removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the persistence of this carbon and its ecological impacts remain poorly constrained...

Large-scale Euro-Atlantic variability, shaped by the polar jet stream, governs weather and climate in the Baltic Sea region, thereby impacting the physical and biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. This ...

Land surface and crop models both simulate irrigation, but they differ in their approaches, primarily because they were originally developed for distinct purposes and scales. Through an example case study in a highly irr...

Abstract The upwelling of warm Circumpolar Deep Water is a key process in the global climate system, transporting heat, nutrients, and carbon poleward towards Antarctic ice shelves. Here we use physical and chemical seaw...

Abstract The electrical structure of oceanic lithosphere and underlying asthenosphere provides crucial constraints on upper mantle dynamics, complementing seismic observations to distinguish between competing mechanisms ...