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Background: Osteoporosis has long been considered a disorder confined to bone tissue. Growing evidence now highlights its systemic origins, governed by intricate communication between multiple organs. The multi-organ-bon...

Abstract Background Migraine is a very common chronic neurological disorder associated with severe disability and significant social burden worldwide. Beyond recurrent headache attacks, increasing evidence indicates that...

Abstract Pathogenic variants in CYFIP2 cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 65 (DEE65) and have been predominantly investigated in the context of central nervous system dysfunction. However, emerging clinical...

Abstract Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) result from intricate interactions among genetic, environmental and immune factors, with emerging evidence underscoring the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in their pathogenes...

In this study, we analyzed peripheral nerve anomalies in 15 anuran species spanning multiple developmental stages. Anatomical examinations focused on both the central nervous system—including the olfactory bulbs, telen...

Abstract IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic inflammatory condition marked by tissue infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells, often resulting in fibrosis. While IgG4-RD commonly affects organs such as the pan...

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal inflammation and axonal degeneration, driven by innate and adaptive immune cells. Th...

In the central nervous system (CNS), programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons, is precisely regulated by various biomolecules to maintain neuronal development, establish neural structures, and maintain CNS homeostasis. Und...

Abstract Background Obesity has emerged as a major global health issue, affecting multiple organ systems. Within the central nervous system obesity causes a series of disruptions that can significantly affect neurologica...

BackgroundMS and NMOSD are chronic demyelinating diseases related to demyelinating attacks on the central nervous system which limit quality of life and predisposes patients to developing anxiety and depression which, in...

Growing evidence has directly linked the gastrointestinal tract, gut microbiota, and central nervous system, forming the gut-brain axis, a process that has been described as a key mechanism in regulating neurological pro...

Neurotransmitters play fundamental regulatory roles within the central nervous system (CNS), where they modulate neuronal signaling and maintain neural network homeostasis. Beyond their classical functions in the CNS, th...

BackgroundCurrent prognostic models for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) inadequately predict long-term cognitive and functional outcomes, focusing primarily on survival. We aimed to develop and validate a simple,...

Abstract Involvement of the complement system in myasthenia gravis (MG) depends on the IgG subclass of the mediating antibody. LRP4 antibodies (LRP4-ab) are typically of the IgG1 or IgG2 subclass, implying distinct capac...

Abstract Objective To investigate the associations between thrombus Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) level and the systemic inflammatory characteristics in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS), and to evaluate the...

BackgroundIntracranial infection (ICI) is a serious complication following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with prolonged intensive care, increased morbidity, and poor functional outcomes. Ea...

The precise treatment and dynamic management of traumatic brain injury pose a substantial challenge to the global healthcare sector. This challenge arises not only from the complex and dynamically evolving pathological m...

BackgroundRepetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS), a representative non-invasive neuromodulation technique, is widely utilized for the recovery of motor dysfunction following stroke. Although its clinical effic...

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is a standard neurosurgical procedure for cerebrospinal fluid diversion and intracranial pressure monitoring, yet conventional freehand techniques are associated with substantia...

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has garnered widespread attention due to its high incidence and its association with increased risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. Growing evidence indicates that early predic...

Early detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) through speech analysis offers significant clinical advantages, yet no validated tools exist for Arabic-speaking populations, representing a critical gap in global healthcare...

ObjectiveTo systematically map the evolution, academic network structure, and emergent research fronts of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) applications in prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDoC) through b...

Neurodegenerative disorders represent a major and growing global health challenge, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, multifactorial pathophysiology, and limited disease-modifying pharmacological options. Increa...

IntroductionPolyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare systemic necrotizing vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels. While peripheral neuropathy occurs in 50–75% of patients, cranial nerve involvement is exceptionally rare...