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Thymic stromal cells drive T cell development by supplying key cues for progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Although thymic epithelial cells are well characterized, recent studies highlight crucial functions of...

Genome-wide association studies have identified members of the CARD11/MALT1/BCL10 (CBM) complex as susceptibility loci for common allergic disorders, while carriers with rare loss-of-function (LOF) variants in MALT1 or C...

IntroductionTrogocytosis is an intracellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated proteins in a cell–cell contact manner. Trogocytosis plays an important role in immune regulation. We hypothesized that trogocyt...

CD40L-deficient X-linked hyper IgM (XHIGM) syndrome is characterized by defective B cell class switching, deficiency of immunoglobulins G, A, and E, plus other immune abnormalities due to disrupted CD40L–CD40 interacti...

BackgroundAlthough drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome are well-known complications of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), lesser-known immunologic complica...

CD19negCD20dim T cells are mostly CD8+ and predominantly express memory markers. Based on the literature, they may be a subset of inflammatory T cells rather than a transient activated state. I postulated that CD19negCD2...

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been reported to have multiple trajectories, including terminally differentiated Tfh, memory-like circulatory Tfh (cTfh), and, most recently, induced T follicular regulatory (iTfr) ce...

Chronic norovirus infection (CNI) causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, including those with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Gastrointestinal samples from patients with CNI demonstrat...

ObjectivesMevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a metabolic disorder caused by a block in the mevalonate pathway, leading to impaired synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids. Clinically, MKD presents with recurrent infl...

BackgroundCongenital athymia (CA) is a rare T cell immune deficiency, fatal without curative treatment with allogeneic processed thymus tissue–agdc (RETHYMIC) implantation (here termed CTTI). The rate and extent of T c...

We previously reported that inherited human retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma T (RORγT) deficiency underlies mycobacterial disease and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in seven patients from three ances...

IntroductionLow T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) on newborn screen and severe T cell lymphopenia in a term newborn raise concern for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Genetic polymorphisms in thiopurine me...

IntroductionThe precise mechanisms linking TCR-dependent nutrient import and metabolic reprogramming to CD4+ T helper (Th) fate and function remain elusive. Here, we show that the CARD11–BCL10–MALT1 (CBM) complex fac...