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Background and AimsAcquired immunodeficiency in patients with hematological oncology is a serious and common complication, significantly impacting prognosis and quality of life. High doses of cytostatic drugs and the mal...

BackgroundAtaxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the ATM gene and characterized by genomic instability, immunodeficiency, and a markedly increased risk of canc...

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and remains underdiagnosed in Brazil due to limited knowledge of its genetic landscape. Since 2024, the Centro Nacional d...

The recognition of disorders of immune dysregulation, particularly those presenting with lymphoproliferation and systemic autoimmunity (International Union of Immunological Societies [IUIS] Group 4.6), has markedly incre...

Although Brazil has experienced substantial immigration from the Middle East and Italy, regions with a higher prevalence of pyrin-associated autoinflammatory diseases, pyrinopathies, remain under-investigated in the coun...

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), once considered rare, are more common than previously thought, affecting up to 1:1000 individuals, with 555 IEI identified involving variants in 546 genes. This expanded genetic and clini...

Interferonopathies are rare autoinflammatory disorders driven by a constitutive upregulation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway, leading to chronic activation of this cytokine. Despite advances, direct IFN-I measur...

BackgroundT cell receptor excision circle (TREC)-based newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has improved early diagnosis, treatment, and survival of SCID infants and identified additional c...

IntroductionKabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare, complex, multisystem, neurodevelopmental congenital disorder with characteristic phenotypic anomalies and pathogenic genetic variants of the KMT2D or KDM6A genes. KS is highly ...

RationaleGenetic testing can reveal a molecular diagnosis in 20–40% of patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) such as predominantly antibody deficiencies (PAD), though this varies by IEI type and other factors. ...

Background and AimsThe immune response to an infectious agent is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways involving numerous genes encoding inflammatory mediators, proteins of the innate and adaptive immune s...

CTLA4 haploinsufficiency is caused by mutations in the CTLA4 gene. The loss of this important immune checkpoint leads to uncontrolled production of lymphocytes, causing infiltration of T cells into multiple organs (gastr...

IntroductionAlthough immune responses to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection vary across individuals, the underlying cellular mechanisms regulating this heterogenei...

Background and AimsPediatric lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), both malignant and nonmalignant, may conceal underlying inborn errors of immunity (IEI), yet systematic screening is rarely performed. We hypothesized tha...

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in prepubertal children is rare and can indicate a monogenic cause. Although outcomes are variable, monogenic lupus is often difficult to treat with long-term complications ...

Primary Immunodeficiencies (PI) include more than 550 monogenic disorders presenting with recurrent infections, autoimmunity, and significant morbidity. Early molecular diagnosis is essential for guiding targeted treatme...

BackgroundNewborn screening (NBS) with kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) is primarily used to detect B cell lymphopenia and agammaglobulinemia as markers of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). However, ...

IntroductionRNU4ATAC-opathies are characterized by biallelic pathogenic variants and include three recognized phenotypes: autosomal recessive Roifman syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD), an...

Background and AimsCHARGE syndrome (OMIM#214800) is a rare hereditary monogenic disease with an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. It is characterized by multiple congenital malformations and is caused by pathoge...

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) can manifest with neurological disorders, indicating genetic overlap between immune and nervous system diseases. However, neurological disorder genes are rarely screened systematically for...

A 5-year-old female presented at age 2 with recurrent respiratory and ear infections, aphthous ulcers, and severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] = 400 cells/mcl). Immunological testing at age 4 showed neutr...

IntroductionThe T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay is an effective neonatal screening tool for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), enabling early diagnosis and timely intervention. While genetic analysis o...

BackgroundPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) management relies on mucociliary clearance to prevent bronchiectasis. While humoral immunodeficiencies have been reported in PCD, their clinical significance remains under-defin...

We present the case of a 43-year-old male who presented to pulmonology with 3 years of chronic cough and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. He was diagnosed with bronchiectasis and found to have mild thrombocytopenia an...