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IntroductionNeutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte population, play a central role in host defense against group B Streptococcus (GBS), an encapsulated bacterium that frequently causes severe infections in humans, incl...

ABSTRACT Microbiology, the study of microorganisms, is of critical importance to a variety of fields, including medicine, nursing, genetics, and immunology, as well as to students training to enter those fields. By defin...

IntroductionIndividuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are increasingly reaching reproductive age, yet guidance on fertility preservation, genetic counseling, medication adjustments in pregnancy and breastfeeding, ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) features chronic low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT), where adipocytes and innate immune cells engage in immunometabolic crosstalk. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecula...

IntroductionMacrophages play a key role in inflammatory diseases. We aimed to identify long noncoding RNAs that regulate pro-inflammatory activation of human macrophages. MethodsWe performed human lncRNA microarray analy...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), has killed nearly one billion people in the last two centuries. Nowadays, TB remains a major global health problem, ranking among the thirteen l...

Modern animal and crop production practices are associated with the regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. Alternative approaches are needed in order to ...

Abstract Memory-like or precursor exhausted (Tpex) CD8+ T cells are a critical reservoir in chronic infections and cancer, yet the signals sustaining their cytokine production remain unclear. Here, we identify KLRF1 as p...

One foundational goal of global health and a shared inspiration for all humankind is to reduce premature mortality from preventable and treatable conditions. This imperative becomes markedly more urgent for the uniquely ...

IntroductionSporotrichosis is an uncommon but emerging opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis can disseminate and result in significant morbidity and mortality, despite tr...

The most important kidney transplantation antigens are the ABO blood group antigens and the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC antigens are called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Exposure to ...

IntroductionDNGR-1 (CLEC9A), a C-type lectin receptor specifically expressed on human BDCA3+ and murine CD8α+/CD103+ conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1), acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) recep...

Daniele Focosi,1 Massimo Franchini,2 Arturo Casadevall3 1North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; 2Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy; 3D...

IntroductionChlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Given the limited effectiveness of current Ct screening and treatment programs, alongside the lack of...

IntroductionKabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare, complex, multisystem, neurodevelopmental congenital disorder with characteristic phenotypic anomalies and pathogenic genetic variants of the KMT2D or KDM6A genes. KS is highly ...

IntroductionPediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by aberrant immunopathology and systemic manifestations. The HLH-2004 protocol prioritizes urgent immunosuppre...

BackgroundX-Linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is characterized by absent B cell development due to defects in the BTK gene. Patients with this condition have B cell aplasia as well as agammaglobulinemia and impaired vaccin...

Background and aimsLiver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) have a key role in maintaining organismal homeostasis by scavenging blood-borne molecules and inducing specific immune tolerance to ingested antigens. The sca...

BackgroundNewborn screening (NBS) with kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) is primarily used to detect B cell lymphopenia and agammaglobulinemia as markers of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). However, ...

IntroductionIntestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common and severe clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality, burdens healthcare systems. Our previous investigations established that a nano-delivery...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in preterm infants and is characterized by aberrant late-stage lung development driven by multiple factors. Although previous studies have demonstr...

IntroductionPathogenic variants in the COPA gene are associated with autosomal-dominant autoimmune interstitial lung, joint, and kidney disease, a condition known as COPA syndrome. It is associated with a type I interfer...

RationaleGenetic testing can reveal a molecular diagnosis in 20–40% of patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) such as predominantly antibody deficiencies (PAD), though this varies by IEI type and other factors. ...

IntroductionChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a clinical diagnosis managed according to American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) guide...