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IntroductionThe proliferation of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has created unprecedented opportunities for informal second language (L2) learning, yet the psychological mechanisms through which AI-mediated lear...

IntroductionDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects both the structural and pragmatic aspects of language. Conversational abilities—including topic initiation, mainte...

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in education has expanded rapidly, with LLM tutors increasingly proposed to support learning through individualized explanations and interactions. However, empirical evidence for t...

Abstract As social commerce increasingly unfolds within closed and relationally embedded digital environments, understanding how community dynamics translate into sustained information-sharing remains a critical challeng...

Background For those with hearing loss, sign language (SL) is an essential communication tool. The most common and basic type of SL is American SL (ASL). ASL plays a vital role in various communicative contexts, includin...

The study outlines the theoretical and methodological foundations for modeling young people’s social adaptation in cross-border migration between Central Asia and China. The methodology comprised six interrelated stage...