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Low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites are regarded as a key enabler for 6G communications and localization, due to their large coverage beyond conventional terrestrial networks. In this paper, we propose a downlink LEO base s...

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the manifestation of solar transient eruptions, which can significantly modify the plasma and magnetic conditions in the heliosphere. They are often preceded by a shock, ...

Artificial intelligence (AI) models developed for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) observations have demonstrated competitive performance in estimating geophysical parameters, especially ocean su...

The Andes Cordillera contains the most diverse cryosphere on Earth, including extensive areas covered by seasonal snow, numerous tropical and extratropical glaciers, and many mountain permafrost landforms. Here, we revie...

Abstract While the ultra‐low velocity zones (ULVZs) may hold key information about deep Earth dynamics, their elusive state and origin remain enigmatic. Recent high‐pressure experiments suggest that ULVZs may origina...

Indonesia is highly vulnerable to earthquakes that can trigger soil liquefaction, particularly in coastal regions where saturated sandy soils with low relative densities are prevalent. This study investigated the influen...

SIRGAS, Sistema de Referencia Geocéntrico para las Américas, nació como un proyecto colaborativo de diferentes países latinoamericanos, con el objetivo de establecer un único sistema de referencia con los mayores es...

Due to error sources arising from undersampling of target signals and imperfections in background models, the single-pair satellite gravity missions equipped with the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking technology ar...

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission will advance global soil moisture monitoring through high-resolution L-band observations. However, accurate fine-scale retrieval remains challenging due to the 12-da...

Driven by satellite remote sensing observations, deep learning models provide a promising solution for the rapid estimation of subsurface thermohaline structures. By learning from large-scale paired surface–subsur...

Hydrological models commonly use very simple snow accumulation and melt models based on air temperature information, namely, a temperature threshold for snow accumulation as well as for snowmelt, and a melt factor. This ...

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a critical air pollutant with significant environmental and human health impacts, yet global and long-term NO2 datasets with daily continuity and fine spatial resolution remain limited. In this ...

Abstract Sinking macroalgal biomass carbon to the deep seafloor has been proposed as a means of removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the persistence of this carbon and its ecological impacts remain poorly constrained...

Land surface and crop models both simulate irrigation, but they differ in their approaches, primarily because they were originally developed for distinct purposes and scales. Through an example case study in a highly irr...

Abstract The upwelling of warm Circumpolar Deep Water is a key process in the global climate system, transporting heat, nutrients, and carbon poleward towards Antarctic ice shelves. Here we use physical and chemical seaw...

Abstract The electrical structure of oceanic lithosphere and underlying asthenosphere provides crucial constraints on upper mantle dynamics, complementing seismic observations to distinguish between competing mechanisms ...

Multimodal remote sensing image registration is a fundamental step for multisource data fusion and geospatial analysis. However, nonlinear radiometric, textural, and geometric discrepancies across modalities challenge in...

Sea-ice motion plays a pivotal role in the variability of the Antarctic climate system by modulating the atmosphere–ocean fluxes and the ocean freshwater budget. Due to the variability of the ice surface, snow&#x2...

Wildfires are natural hazards that threaten ecosystems, communities, and economies, and they have shown a significant increase in frequency and intensity in recent years. Accurate wildfire spread prediction is critical f...

Due to the limitation of lacking elevation resolution, ground-based interferometric radar suffers from serious layover problem when applied to building deformation monitoring. Ground-based tomographic arc-scanning synthe...

Few-shot object detection (FSOD) recently garnered increasing attention in remote sensing images (RSIs). Although FSOD has achieved success in natural sense, the large size and complex backgrounds of RSIs make FSOD espec...

Infrared thermal radiation signals are highly susceptible to environmental interference, leading to dynamic fluctuations. Consequently, weak targets are frequently submerged in heavy clutter backgrounds under extreme sce...

With the rapid advancement of remote sensing technology, target detection in remote sensing imagery plays a crucial role in military reconnaissance, urban planning, and other fields. However, there are problems such as l...

The field of remote sensing change detection (RSCD) has witnessed remarkable progress. Most existing RSCD methods currently follow the encoder-feature interaction-decoder architecture. However, these methods often treat ...