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Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases, including persistent viral infections. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sustained immune activation contributes to end-organ damage and non-AIDS comorb...

BackgroundBehçet’s disease is a multisystem inflammatory disorder whose diagnosis can be challenging due to overlapping features with other inflammatory conditions and primary immunodeficiencies (1). In patients with ...

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a major challenge in hepatology. Despite considerable progress in our understanding of MASH, the particular mechanisms underlying disease development and the var...

We present the case of a 17-year-old male with a long-standing history of recurrent and persistent cutaneous abscesses beginning at 6 years of age. Lesions were widespread, affecting the scalp, trunk, buttocks, and extre...

IntroductionPediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by aberrant immunopathology and systemic manifestations. The HLH-2004 protocol prioritizes urgent immunosuppre...

The application of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T), CAR-engineered regulatory T cell (CAR-Treg) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapies has grown in recent years, driven by an increasing demand for robust, a...

Background and aimsLiver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) have a key role in maintaining organismal homeostasis by scavenging blood-borne molecules and inducing specific immune tolerance to ingested antigens. The sca...

Opioids remain central to managing moderate to severe pain, yet they also produce significant and often under-recognized effects on the immune system. In this narrative review, we synthesize evidence from 1994 to 2025 ac...

IntroductionInborn errors of immunity are genetic disorders that result in the absence or dysfunction of critical components of the immune system. Spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) is one of these diseases, causing imm...

BackgroundTranscriptome−wide association study (TWAS) contributes to discovering novel susceptibility genes related to diseases. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been extensively applied to characterize cellu...

Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is the second most common cause of congenital heart disease (CHD) and a multisystem disorder that contributes to substantial overall disease burden. Additionally, 22q11.2DS is the...

Uveitis is a group of diseases characterized by intraocular inflammation, closely associated with infectious, autoimmune, genetic, or environmental factors. Cell death, a critical biological process involved in developme...

BackgroundNeutrophils, which are polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the phagocytic system, serve as critical mediators of inflammation-induced injury and are implicated in various diseases. However, the role of neutrophils ...

We present the case of a 43-year-old male who presented to pulmonology with 3 years of chronic cough and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. He was diagnosed with bronchiectasis and found to have mild thrombocytopenia an...

Although Brazil has experienced substantial immigration from the Middle East and Italy, regions with a higher prevalence of pyrin-associated autoinflammatory diseases, pyrinopathies, remain under-investigated in the coun...

BackgroundAlthough drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome are well-known complications of anti-seizure medications (ASMs), lesser-known immunologic complica...

S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants of the gene AHCY. Loss of SAH hydrolase causes SAH accumulation and impairs the methionine/S-adenosyl...

Interferon regulatory factor-2-binding protein-2 (IRF2BP2) is a transcriptional regulator affecting diverse cellular functions, including cell differentiation and apoptosis. It plays an important role in lymphocyte and m...

IntroductionProgressive lung disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), despite optimal supportive care. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is ...

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) was identified in 2014 as a novel inborn error of immunity caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in ADA2. DADA2 patients express two predominant clinical phenotypes: (1) auto...

BackgroundEstrogen receptor (ER)-low human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer shares similar pathological and molecular features with triple-negative breast cancer, yet the utility of the 21...

Artemis-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in DCLRE1C, which encodes ARTEMIS, a DNA repair endonuclease essential for V(D)J recombinatio...

Reticular dysgenesis (RD) is a rare, severe form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by biallelic AK2 mutations, leading to profound defects in lymphoid and myeloid maturation. Unlike other SCID phenotypes,...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) remains a major zoonotic threat, yet human infections continue to display striking heterogeneity in clinical severity. We report a fatal case of H5N1 pneumonia in an adult patie...