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Abstract The distribution and origin of serpentine on Mars can provide insights into the planet's aqueous history, habitability, and past climate. In this study, we used dynamic aperture factor analysis/target transforma...

Abstract The observed decline of sea ice in the Arctic, if it persists into the future, can create more favorable conditions for shipping activity in the region. To estimate possible changes in key sea ice characteristic...

Abstract Emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases has resulted in greater Arctic warming compared to global warming, known as Arctic amplification (AA). From an energy‐balance perspective, the current Arctic climate ...

With advances in aerospace technology, high-resolution optical imagery from satellites, such as China’s Gaofen series, is vital for climate monitoring and agriculture. However, cloud cover significantly impedes th...

Abstract The Early Permian witnessed the first icehouse‐to‐greenhouse turnover of the vegetated Earth, yet its climate dynamics remain enigmatic. Here, we used mercury (Hg) isotopes from pelagic and continental succe...

Mitigating anthropogenic methane emissions is widely recognized as an effective strategy to reduce near-term climate warming. Here, we use satellite observations from MethaneSAT (2024–2025) to characterize methane emis...

Abstract The boreal summer Atlantic Niño, the dominant mode of interannual climate variability in the equatorial Atlantic, exerts profound effects on local ecosystems and broader climate patterns, yet its prediction rem...

Abstract Global, regional and local sea‐level projections rely on complex process‐based models of the climate‐ocean‐cryosphere system. While extrapolation of observational data has been examined on global and reg...

Abstract This study investigates the F‐region plasma density and irregularities response during the May‐2024 storm using Swarm and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO) data. Swarm‐B prov...

The Greenland Ice Sheet is a key component of the Earth’s climate system and assessing its mass balance is crucial for predicting sea-level rise. Solid ice discharge is a critical parameter that can be determined by ca...

The temperature sensitivity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) critically influences air quality and human health under a warming climate, yet models struggle to accurately reproduce observed sensitivities. This study im...

Abstract Global mean temperature rapidly warmed during 2023, making 2023 the second warmest year on record at 1.45°C above pre‐industrial climate, and 2024 became the first year on record to surpass 1.5°C. Here we ex...

Abstract The high latitudes cover ∼20% of Earth's land surface. This region is facing many shifts in thermal, moisture and vegetation properties, driven by climate warming. Here we leverage remote sensing and climate r...

Abstract Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of flooding, emphasizing the need to better understand these events. Satellite observations provide essential information, and the recent launch...

Abstract Submesoscale eddies (those smaller than 50 km) are ubiquitous throughout the ocean, as revealed by satellite infrared images. Diagnosing their impact on ocean energetics from observations remains a challenge. T...

Abstract The chemical weathering of Earth's silicate rocks regulates the global climate. However, the exact role of continental weathering with orogenic building and island arc weathering with arc‐continent collisions ...

Abstract Precipitation is expected to increase in a warmer global climate, yet how sensitive precipitation is to warming depends on poorly constrained cloud radiative processes. Clouds respond to surface warming in ways ...

Abstract Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations enhance greenhouse warming and drive changes to plant physiology, leading to innumerable climate impacts. This study explores the impacts of plant responses on hydrological ...

Abstract We construct a linear model of microseism power as a function of sea‐ice concentration and ocean‐wave activity with a seismic station located on northern Ellesmere Island. The influence of wind‐ice‐ocean...

Abstract The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ∼56 Ma) was a period of extreme global warming associated with a massive influx of isotopically light carbon into the ocean–atmosphere system. The burning of Pa...

Abstract The complex interactions between snow cover and forests have implications for ecosystems, water resources and the Earth's climate. However, the geographic distribution of where snow and forest overlap remains po...

1 The Atmosphere. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. 3 Chemical Kinetics. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous...

The most frequently used climate classification map is that of Wladimir Kppen, presented in its latest version 1961 by Rudolf Geiger. A huge number of climate studies and subsequent publications adopted this or a former ...

A rapid and accurate radiative transfer model (RRTM) for climate applications has been developed and the results extensively evaluated. The current version of RRTM calculates fluxes and cooling rates for the longwave spe...