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Abstract Background Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a common complication after lung transplantation (LTX) and it is considered a risk factor for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Lung transbronchial biopsy is...

Abstract Background Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of cancer due to its promising survival benefits. Although FDA-approved cancer immunotherapy primarily leverages adaptive immunity for t...

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis ...

Abstract Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by aberrant immune responses and tissue remodeling. Ligustrazine has multiple effects, such as enh...

Abstract Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative disease is a prevalent and debilitating spinal disease. Current treatments only focus on symptomatic relief but fail to halt disease progression or restore the native biome...

Abstract Background The ability to guide stem cells toward the bone-forming lineage is a fundamental aspect of regenerative medicine. Conventional protocols for osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells typica...

Abstract Background The efficacy of conventional αβ T cell-based immunotherapies is often limited by tumor immune evasion. γδ T cells can bypass these limitations through MHC-independent tumor recognition, but their ...

Abstract As a hydroxymethylglutaryl‒coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, atorvastatin (ATST) has garnered widespread attention because of its antitumor effects. However, its specific mechanism of action remains inc...

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Its complex pathogenesis remains unclear, and no specific drugs are available for treatment. Current treatments focus mainly on ...

Abstract Background Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD). How type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications, ...

Abstract Background Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the common pathological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer, which poses significant treatment challenges due to poor response to conventional therapie...

Abstract Background Metabolism-induced post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical for the regulation of cellular activities. As important types of modifications, lactylation and acetylation play essential roles...

Abstract Background Cardiac fibrosis is a pivotal pathological process driving adverse cardiac remodeling and a defining feature of end-stage heart disease. Nicotine, a principal constituent of tobacco products, is now r...

Abstract Background Social isolation is a chronic psychological stressor with high translational relevance to depression in humans, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, few preclinical studies...

Abstract Background Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled inflammation, oxidative stress, and aberrant cell death. Although the STING pathway is well established as a central mediator of in...

Abstract Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor in men, with a high incidence rate, posing a serious threat to human health and quality of life. Neddylation is a major post-translation modification,...