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Background: Reading comprehension (qirā’ah) is a fundamental skill in learning Arabic as a foreign language. As the complexity of texts and the demands of critical literacy increase, there is a need for a conceptual m...

Background: Reading comprehension represents a crucial aspect of learning English effectively, yet many junior high school students struggle to interpret and engage meaningfully with texts. Purpose: This study examines...

Background: Learning Arabic as a foreign language requires mastery of four main skills, namely listening (istimā‘), speaking (kalām), reading (qirā’ah), and writing (kitābah). Among these skills, reading skills (...