The significant impact of naringin and its aglycone derivative naringenin on cardiovascular diseases

Globally, one major cause of morbidity and mortality is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The burden of cardiovascular disease among the elderly is still high and typically tends to move to nations with lower sociodemographic indices. Furthermore, despite being largely preventable, CVDs have a significant worldwide burden among children and young adults. Naringin and its aglycone naringenin are among the most well-known and significant flavonoids important for inhibiting or handling several illnesses, including diabetes, heart disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the pharmacological actions of naringin and naringenin in the treatment of CVDs and associated risks by reviewing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies obtained from the beginning until November 2024 on significant electronic databases. Through a variety of biochemical pathways, naringin and naringenin exhibited notable cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and vascular benefits. They lowered hypertension, enhanced lipid profiles, and controlled critical signaling pathways linked to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), cardiac hypertrophy (CH), and inflammation. These substances support cardiovascular health and may be used as treatment agents for associated disorders by altering important proteins, improving mitochondrial function, and increasing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.