A Framework for Enhancing Surface Water Reuse in Tehran’s Urban Water Infrastructure: Learning from International Experience

Surface water recycling is essential for addressing water scarcity in arid regions like Iran. This study assesses the feasibility of enhancing surface water reuse in Tehran’s urban infrastructure by focusing on the city’s traditional furrow system—a component often overlooked in both traditional and modern water management strategies. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology combining documentary review with field observations in three representative districts, complemented by a structured comparative analysis with Barcelona’s integrated water management model, the research identifies key challenges including high non-revenue water and groundwater over-exploitation. The findings reveal significant opportunities to modernise the network of irrigation channels and integrate Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) to utilise surface water for non- potable uses. The study concludes with a multi-criteria framework and practical recommendations for improving Tehran’s urban water resilience.