The Impact of Mode of Delivery on the Development of Gut Microbiota and the Risk of Atopic Diseases in Children: A Literature Review

Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of atopic diseases among children has increased. Increasing evidence suggests that early gut microbiota development, shaped in part by the mode of delivery, feeding practices, and perinatal antibiotic exposure, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between mode of delivery, early-life gut dysbiosis, and the risk of developing atopic diseases in children, including atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies. Methods: A review of observational studies, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and review articles published between 2005 and 2025 was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results: Vaginal delivery promotes favourable colonization of the neonatal gut, whereas caesarean section is associated with delayed maturation of the gut microbiota and a predominance of bacteria typically found on the skin and in the hospital environment. In numerous studies, caesarean section has been associated with an increased risk of asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Breastfeeding demonstrated a protective effect, while perinatal antibiotic exposure may further disrupt microbiota homeostasis. Probiotics and synbiotics are being considered as potential tools for microbiota modulation; however, their efficacy has not been conclusively confirmed. Conclusions: Caesarean section should be considered a potential risk factor rather than a direct cause of atopy. Supporting the proper development of the gut microbiota may be an important component of the early prevention of atopic diseases in children.