Transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing attention following mild traumatic brain injury: a narrative review

BackgroundAttention deficits often persist after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), limiting recovery despite normal imaging. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a non-invasive therapeutic option.AimsThis review evaluates the evidence supporting tDCS as a method to improve attention in individuals with mTBI or post-concussive symptoms.MethodsPeer-reviewed studies focusing on attentional outcomes after tDCS in mTBI were examined. Related findings from ADHD and mild cognitive impairment were included where relevant.ResultsMost protocols used anodal tDCS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2 mA for ~20 min across multiple sessions). Reported benefits included improved sustained attention, quicker response times, and enhanced cognitive control, particularly when paired with cognitive exercises. Neurophysiological markers often reflected behavioral gains, though most trials were small and lacked follow-up.ConclusionWhile preliminary results are encouraging, larger and standardized trials are essential before routine clinical use.