From sacred space to cyberspace: Digital spirituality and millennial social relations

Debates on digital religion have largely focused on institutional adaptation, technological infrastructure or the legitimacy of online ritual, while the social–spiritual reconfiguration of sacred space remains insufficiently theorised. This article addresses that gap by examining the transition from sacred space to cyberspace and arguing that digital spirituality represents a structural rearticulation of sacredness within a networked society rather than a peripheral extension of religion online. Using a conceptual and interdisciplinary literature-based analysis, the study brings classical theories of sacred space into dialogue with constructivist, mediatisation and network society perspectives. It demonstrates that sacredness is not ontologically confined to physical sites but relationally constituted through symbolic mediation, communal interpretation and ethical orientation. On this basis, cyberspace is conceptualised as a contested yet socially real spiritual space in which presence, authority and belonging are reconfigured through digital mediation. The article further advances the argument by situating digital spirituality within millennial digital culture. As a generation socialised in networked environments, millennials negotiate faith through personalised, interactive and platform-mediated practices. Digital spirituality thus operates not merely as private belief but as a normative framework shaping patterns of empathy, connection and moral imagination in mediated interaction. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: By reframing digital spirituality as both a theological reconfiguration of sacred space and a sociologically significant model of social relations, this study contributes a theoretical synthesis that clarifies the structural implications of digital mediation for contemporary religious life.