Artificial Intelligence and Prostate–Breast Cancer Biology: Recent Advances in Treatments and Perspectives — A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT Background and Aims The therapeutic limitations of conventional cancer treatment currently deployed are driving the development and creation of new nano‐drugs. Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent clinical problem in older men with a significant global incidence, with 1.5 million cases reported in 2022. Breast cancer (BC) is also a considerable health burden among women worldwide, with reports showing over 67,000 deaths in 2022. Generally, across the world, cancer has posed significant health burden due to limited access to treatment options, high incidence rates, and mortality rates occasioned by lifestyle and genetic factors. This review explores the potential of nanomedicine and artificial intelligence (AI) to overcome these limitations and improve patient outcomes, and provides an insightful overview of the available cancer treatment options, such as radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, focusing on PCa and BC. Methods A comprehensive synthesis of recent literature has been conducted, focusing on enormous advances that have been made to understand the biology of various cancers, imaging technologies, and therapeutic approaches. Subsequently, cancer management has evolved rapidly, focusing on the genomic landscape and oncogenesis of localized and metastatic cancers. Results The current treatment strategies face therapeutic challenges related to accessibility issues, drug resistance, and side effects. The emergence of nanomedicine and artificial intelligence (AI) models in imaging, therapy, and drug delivery offers solutions related to these challenges. Nanomedicine is a growing research hotspot with an increased number of publications with keywords such as “prodrug,” “cancer nanomedicine,” “cancer immunotherapy,” “artificial intelligence,” and “targeted nanomedicine”. Conclusions The nanotechnologies utilized in cancer treatment reduce side effects, enhance treatment efficacy, and improve patient outcomes. Combining nanomedicine with conventional therapies holds promise in revolutionizing cancer treatment and addressing the clinical challenges of current therapies.