Secure and scalable power system event identification with renewable integration via federated LSTM and adaptive privacy mechanisms

The power system event detection process must accelerate and become more precise with increasing penetration of renewable energy systems into the grid. The authors discuss a federated learning LSTM (FL-LSTM) that serves as a secure detection system for distributed grid operations, keeping user data private. The federated model achieves better cross-grid generalization through the integration of system physical constraints, which operate under a physics-guided loss function that unites swing-equation consistency with ROCOF limits and frequency nadir bounds. To address privacy and noise sensitivity, we implement an adaptive differential privacy mechanism that modulates Gaussian noise per event stream based on event frequency, maintaining a global (ɛ, δ)-DP budget while preserving rare-event sensitivity. This facilitates improved event detection without compromising data privacy. Simulations on the modified IEEE 39-bus system with varying renewable levels show that, compared to benchmark LSTM using central SCADA/DC data, the federated model converges faster, identifies events more accurately, and requires less communication. It preserves its distributed nature, stays robust to unseen events, and proves to be a strong candidate for privacy-preserving event detection in renewable-rich power systems.