Coordinated Adaptive VSG Control Strategy Based on Virtual Inertia and Damping

The increasing integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources has significantly changed the dynamic characteristics of modern power systems, resulting in a substantial decline in effective system inertia and increased vulnerability of frequency stability. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is extensively employed to emulate inertia and damping characteristics; however, conventional implementations with fixed or single-adaptive parameters often exhibit an inherent trade-off between fast dynamic response and effective oscillation suppression. This study examines the dynamic response of VSG-based systems by establishing a small-signal model to explicitly identify the distinct roles of virtual inertia (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$J$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and damping (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) at different transient stages. On this basis, a coordinated adaptive control strategy is developed, in which both parameters are continuously and simultaneously regulated according to the frequency deviation and its rate of change (RoCoF). Simulation studies conducted in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the quantitative superiority of the proposed strategy. Under a 10 kW active power step disturbance, the coordinated method reduces the maximum frequency deviation by 0.165 Hz compared to the fixed-parameter baseline. Crucially, it almost eliminates the massive 2.7 kW active power overshoot induced by single-parameter inertia adaptation and strictly limits the peak transient surge current to a hardware-safe 26.09 A. These results confirm that dynamically coordinating <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$J$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula> resolves inherent transient trade-offs, offering a robust solution for maintaining frequency stability and operational safety in low-inertia power systems.