Lactylation and liquid–liquid phase separation related genes influence prognosis and immune characteristics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients

Objectives Lactylation and liquid–liquid phase separation related genes have been reported to be associated with tumor prognosis and immunity, but their specific influence on the prognosis and immune characteristics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains unclear.Methods GSE56315 (33 control samples and 55 DLBCL patient samples) has been used to screen for lactylation and liquid‒liquid phase separation related differentially expressed genes (LLRDEGs). Based on the optimal cutoff, LLRDEGs associated with DLBCL prognosis (overall survival) was further screened through LASSO and univariate Cox regression. Then, based on the GSE10846 dataset (414 DLBCL samples), a prognostic model was constructed based on the LLRDEGs. The Kaplan–Meier curve is used to evaluate the prognostic value (median risk score). And validate the prognostic model on an independent external validation dataset (GSE181063 (1310 DLBCL samples)). Finally, further analysis was conducted on consensus clustering, biological pathways, the immune microenvironment and drug sensitivity.Results 4 LLRDEGs were ultimately identified as genes associated with the DLBCL' prognosis. A prognostic model was constructed based on the 4 LLRDEGs. An independent external validation dataset confirmed the prognostic model's prognostic value. 4 LLRDEGs were significantly correlated with various immune cells.Discussion This study screened four LLRDEGs significantly associated with prognosis and constructed a prognostic risk stratification model. The Kaplan–Meier curve confirms the prognostic value of the prognostic risk stratification model. This prognostic model is related to the clinical characteristics and immune microenvironment of DLBCL patients.Conclusion This study elucidates the role of LLRDEGs in the prognosis and immune features of DLBCL, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets.