The role of stem cells and their engineering strategies in the repair of nerve damage in intracerebral hemorrhage

Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological condition with high mortality and morbidity. Despite advancements in medical and surgical treatments, the long-term prognosis of ICH remains poor. Stem cell therapy emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy, offering potential benefits in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of stem cell therapy in reducing brain injury and improving neurological function after ICH. In particular, the application and mechanisms of engineered stem cells in neural repair following ICH warrant further investigation. Through strategies such as pre-processing, gene editing, biomaterial modification, and extracellular vesicle engineering, engineered stem cells have demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing cell survival, immune regulation, and neural regeneration. This article also provides an overview of the latest developments in neuroprotective drug treatment strategies, pointing out that future research should focus on the synergistic effects of engineered stem cells and host microenvironment, promoting the development of precision and clinical translation of ICH treatment.