The Drp1-CoQ10-Coa6-ETC axis represents a therapeutic potential for working memory impairment caused by neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction

Abstract Background Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a key mitochondrial electron carrier and a widely used dietary supplement with potential neurological benefits. However, the mechanisms underlying its effect in ameliorating memory deficits caused by cerebellar injury are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term CoQ10 supplementation on working memory and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Network pharmacology analysis was used to identify genetic targets of CoQ10 in cerebellar injury-related cognitive impairment. Purkinje cell (PC)-specific Drp1-deficient mice (PC-Drp1−/−) were generated to model mitochondrial dysfunction. Behavioral performance was evaluated using the eight-arm radial maze. Mitochondrial structure and respiratory chain complex levels were evaluated by morphological and biochemical assays. Molecular targets of CoQ10 were identified using integrated drug–target engagement approaches, and their functional relevance was tested by viral vector-mediated overexpression. Results The PC-Drp1−/− mice displayed progressive working memory impairment and decreased PC density, accompanied by disrupted mitochondrial morphology and reduced activities of electron transport chain complexes III–V. Long-term CoQ10 treatment significantly reduced working memory errors and preserved PC numbers in PC-Drp1−/− mice. Target engagement analyses identified cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 (Coa6) as a direct binding target of CoQ10. Viral vector-mediated overexpression of Coa6 in PCs partially recapitulated the CoQ10-associated improvements in respiratory chain complex levels and working memory, whereas Coa6 knockdown attenuated these benefits. Conclusions CoQ10 directly interacts with Coa6 to enhance mitochondrial respiratory chain function and preserve PC integrity in the context of Drp1 deficiency. Our findings suggest a promising mechanistic pathway for CoQ10-based intervention in memory deficits associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.