Palladium immobilized on CdFe2O4 as highly efficient, reusable, and organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst for the synthesis of pyridine derivatives

Abstract This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of a unique Cy@TC-Pd complex immobilized on CdFe2O4 nanoparticles. A palladium-based catalyst, supported on magnetite nanoparticles, was successfully developed with an emphasis on environmental sustainability. The catalyst was characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, XPS, SEM, XRD, VSM, ICP, EDS, and TGA analyses. Its catalytic efficiency was tested in the synthesis of 2-amino-4-aryl-6-(phenylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives as a heterogeneous catalyst. The method offers several notable advantages, such as reduced reaction times, high yields, environmental compatibility, straightforward work-up procedures, and the ability to magnetically recover and recycle the catalyst. Remarkably, this novel catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused over five consecutive cycles without a noticeable drop in performance.