In vitro electrical stimulation devices: practical framework for design, fabrication, and operation

Abstract Background Electrical stimulation of cell culture systems has shown significant potential benefits, attracting growing interest in bioelectrical research and tissue engineering. However, implementing effective stimulation remains challenging due to the complexity of device design, protocol selection, and procedure standardization. Many biology-focused laboratories face a knowledge gap in electronics and electrochemistry, complicating the choice of circuits, electrode materials, and configurations, which often leads to a lack of reproducible and standardized protocols. Results We present a comprehensive, step-by-step guide for developing a cost-effective, high-throughput, and adaptable in vitro electrical stimulation device containing platinum electrodes. The guide includes a method to develop standard operating protocol, maintenance instructions, and a practical example of device use. We describe an approach to design and approximate electrical stimulation protocols using electrochemical characterization and equivalent circuit modelling. All design files, circuit diagrams, component lists, measurements, and simulations are provided as open-access resources. Conclusions This work offers a fully replicable framework for implementing electrical stimulation in any laboratory with basic electronics and electrochemistry knowledge. By providing simulation tools, standardized protocols and accessible design resources, it addresses reproducibility challenges and facilitates broader adoption of bioelectrical stimulation in cell culture research.