Effectiveness of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) on asthma: a systematic review

Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with a rising global prevalence and impact on quality of life. Conventional therapeutics such as corticosteroids and β2-agonists are associated with various long-term adverse effects and are costly. This has prompted the exploration of natural therapies such as the tiger milk mushroom (TMM), also known as Lignosus rhinocerus. Native to Southeast Asia, this medicinal mushroom has been traditionally used for respiratory health. TMM is known to be rich in bioactive compounds including polysaccharides and polyphenols, and has shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This systematic review aimed to investigate its effects in asthma. Animal studies demonstrated significant suppression of eosinophil infiltration, Th2 cytokines (IL-4, 5, and 13), IgE levels, and attenuated airway remodeling. In vitro studies confirmed bronchorelaxation effects mediated through calcium channel modulation. A single human study reported a decrease in inflammatory and antioxidant markers (IL-1β, IL-8, and MDA), improved lung function and quality of life. Overall, TMM has shown promising potential as an anti-asthmatic agent. However, current evidence is largely preclinical and has a limited scope. Further high-quality larger scale trials are needed to validate its efficacy and safety in humans.