Clustering green finance, fintech, and digital technologies for sustainable operations

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a more comprehensive and updated analysis of how green finance enabled by financial technology (Fintech) and digital innovation, contributes to sustainability in economic and operational systems. In particular, the study examines how digital technologies support sustainable operations by facilitating inclusion, improving resource allocation, and accelerating structural change towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Using a mixed-methods approach that combines bibliometric analysis with a systematic literature review. A comprehensive analysis of 67 articles published between 2022 and 2025 was conducted. The findings identify four dominant research clusters in which digital technologies, innovation, regulation and international cooperation play a prominent role as drivers of structural change. Fintech and institutionality (cluster 1), is a driver of sustainable banking performance (cluster 2), there are dynamics of natural resources and a Fintech-mediated energy transition (cluster 3), and Fintech and Start-ups collaboration is a driver of social sustainability (cluster 4). The report also reveals significant findings between developed and developing countries. This study adopts a mixed method combining bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review. The results further reveal notable differences between developed and developing countries. China leads with 1,140 total citations and an average of 43.8 per article, while Australia has the highest average impact of 56.6. Green finance and Fintech have been identified as pivotal in promoting sustainability, particularly in developing countries where environmental and social challenges are most acute. Financial technology not only optimises financial processes, but also drives the democratisation of financial services and green investment, playing a key role in the transition to a resilient and sustainable economy. The combination of digital and sustainable solutions is essential to achieving development goals. However, it is vital that this initiative be implemented in conjunction with responsible management of natural resources, effective public policies, and the presence of skilled human capital.