THE ROLE OF THE KURDISH WITNESSES(ADOUL) IN EGYPT AND THE LEVANT DURING THE MAMLUK ERA (648-923 AH/1250-1516 AD)

Kurds played a prominent role in Islamic history across political, military, and civil spheres. Among their most significant contributions was the role of judicial deputies (dîdevan), a vital necessity in societal life. Throughout historical periods, especially during the Mamluk era, Kurds held distinguished positions in the judiciary. Many Kurdish judicial officials emerged, and their names were recorded. This study focuses on the role of Kurdish deputies, who served as assistants to judges. It identifies the necessary conditions these officials had to meet to hold office, highlighting their exemplary traits: integrity, justice, humility, knowledge, and wisdom. They fully satisfied all judicial prerequisites and their role was similar to that of present-day judges in courts. Due to the demands of the judiciary, deputies were appointed based on merit to serve and perform judicial duties. Thus, they earned the trust of rulers to carry out this responsibility. Rulers relied heavily on them to resolve legal matters. During Mamluk rule, their role expanded significantly. Due to the state’s need for court officials, they were appointed to specific positions, particularly in Egypt and the Syrian regions (Levant), where judicial duties were performed. These appointed deputies ensured that state affairs progressed more efficiently, securely, and reliably.