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Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games

Robert D. Putnam · International Organization · 1988

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Domestic politics and international relations are often inextricably entangled, but existing theories (particularly “state-centric” theories) do not adequately account for these linkages. When national leaders must win ratification (formal or informal) from their constituents for an international agreement, their negotiating behavior reflects the simultaneous imperatives of both a domestic political game and an international game. Using illustrations from Western economic summitry, the Panama Canal and Versailles Treaty negotiations, IMF stabilization programs, the European Community, and many other diplomatic contexts, this article offers a theory of ratification. It addresses the role of domestic preferences and coalitions, domestic political institutions and practices, the strategies and tactics of negotiators, uncertainty, the domestic reverberation of international pressures, and the interests of the chief negotiator. This theory of “two-level games” may also be applicable to many other political phenomena, such as dependency, legislative committees, and multiparty coalitions.

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APA 7

Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027697

MLA

Putnam, Robert D. "Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games." 1988. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027697.

Chicago

Putnam, Robert D. 1988. "Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games.". https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027697.

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Putnam, R. D. 1988, Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games, International Organization, available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027697 [Accessed 3 Jul. 2026].

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Título
Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games
Autor / colaboradores
Robert D. Putnam
Editorial
International Organization
Año de publicación
1988
Idioma
en

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