Epstein-Barr virus: Ubiquitous virus with multifarious implication in oral diseases

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is the first virus identified to possess the capacity to induce various benign and malignant conditions. These conditions encompass asymptomatic persistent infection, self-limited disease in individuals with a competent immune system, and the propensity to initiate different tumors formation (oncogenesis) even head and neck cancer. Notably, EBV may interact with other viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV) especially in immunosuppressed patients, leading to a synergistic effect. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive literature review on the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), focusing on its life cycle within the human host, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with the virus, the specific types of head and neck cancers in which EBV is implicated, and the interactions between EBV and other viruses in immunosuppressed individuals. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains in most cases, asymptomatic or leads to the development of infectious mononucleosis. Moreover, it plays a significant role in the development of cancer, particularly in individuals under immunosuppression. The viral infection typically persists within the host organism in either a dormant or lytic state. The research also addresses the topic of chronic activated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) syndrome, exploring its interactions with other pathogenic viruses. In addition to presenting oral manifestations in the form of infectious mononucleosis, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the head and neck region. Furthermore, EBV is associated with the development of hairy leukoplakia in individuals with weakened immune systems due to HIV. Overall, EBV may play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of oral squamous epithelium carcinoma either independently or in conjunction with human papillomavirus (HPV). The manifold role of EBV necessitates the accurate diagnosis of new cases and the vigilant monitoring of the patients in order to avoid or at least delay the long term repercussions on the patients' health and quality of life.