Growth and yield performance of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under different intercropping patterns with Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Intercropping has emerged as a sustainable agronomic strategy to enhance land-use efficiency and crop productivity through improved resource utilization and ecological balance. This study investigated the growth and yield performance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under different intercropping patterns with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). A field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of four treatments—monoculture, singlerow intercropping, double-row intercropping, and alternating single-row intercropping—with three replications. Growth parameters (plant height and leaf number) and yield components (fruit length, diameter, weight, and number per plant) were measured. Results showed that intercropping patterns had a significant impact on cucumber growth and yield. The double-row intercropping system produced the highest plant height, number of leaves, and yield per hectare, statistically comparable to monoculture but superior to single-row and alternating patterns. Enhanced performance under the double-row system was attributed to improved light distribution, nutrient uptake, and soil moisture retention, which reduced interspecific competition and promoted photosynthetic efficiency. Conversely, single-row intercropping resulted in lower yield due to higher competition for resources. These findings suggest that the double-row intercropping pattern offers an ecologically efficient and productive alternative to monoculture, contributing to sustainable vegetable production systems. Implementing row-based intercropping could optimize land productivity while supporting agroecological resilience and resource-use efficiency in intensive vegetable cultivation.