Las serpientes emplumadas de Chichén Itzá, México, y las etapas de construcción de la Gran Nivelación

ABSTRACT The chronology of the pre-colonial city of Chichen Itza is quite controversial. This is due to an old problem that relates to the great amount of literature that has occurred since the discovery of the site on a possible foreign invasion of the called Toltecs, whose capital, Tula, is more than thousand miles away, in the Mexican plateau. Due to the similarity of the architectural structures between both sites, it was long postulated that Chichén Itzá was a Toltec enclave in the Maya area. From the 1980s on, the discussion became heated and what was considered to be Toltec could actually be a style of art, architecture and iconography shared by several urban centers of the Epiclassic, ca. 800-1000 AD, as many in the Mexican highlands as on the Gulf Coast and Mayan area. This article offers arguments that Chichen Itza is a Mayan site and that the chronology of the city can be explained from the iconography of feathered serpents, an important Mesoamerican symbol. Until then studied only under the iconographic scope, it is proposed that there was a cognitive program of architectural construction in Chichén Itzá based on the feather types of the serpents.