Biomarkers and detection techniques for genotoxic damage in workers exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene: a narrative review

Occupational exposure to BTX compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) continues to pose significant health risks, especially in industrial settings where these solvents are widely used in the manufacturing of rubber, paints, and plastics. Benzene, classified as a Group one carcinogen by the IARC, has been linked to severe genotoxic effects, including DNA damage in bone marrow cells, increasing the risk of leukemia and aplastic anemia. Toluene and xylene, although less toxic, also present significant health concerns, particularly affecting vital organs and the central nervous system. This narrative review examines key biomarkers used to assess genotoxic damage in exposed workers, such as 8-oxoguanine, micronucleus assays, and gene expression analysis. Biomonitoring is emphasized as a critical strategy for early disease detection and the development of effective preventive measures. The review presents the strengths and limitations of these biomarkers and highlights their potential role in shaping future occupational health monitoring programs. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research, this work aims to support the implementation of policies that protect workers from hazardous chemical exposure and improve overall workplace safety.