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Market definition is fundamental to EU competition law. It serves as a preliminary step in assessing dominance, anti-competitive conduct, and merger control. With respect to the pharmaceutical sector, traditional approac...

Over the past few decades, the pharmaceutical sector has witnessed the occurrence of a particular type of agreement used to settle patent disputes between originator and generic drug manufacturers: so-called reverse paym...

Intellectual property (IP) law, historically grounded in an anthropocentrism framework rewarding human ingenuity, faces a fundamental challenge from creative works generated by non-human agents in the form of "posthuman ...

Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji hambatan legalisasi ganja medis di Indonesia dalam kondisi stagnasi kebijakan, meskipun terdapat dinamika global dan perkembangan bukti ilmiah. Kajian ini bertumpu pada kerangka hukum n...

This article attempts to comprehend the ideal concept of factual action and analyzes factual action as an object of dispute in the Administrative Court ("Peratun") in relation to the prohibition of misleading the adminis...

This article examines how power, discourse, and law interact to drive escalation in the Israel–Iran rivalry. It asks under what conditions a claim of self-defence crosses into unlawful prevention. The framework combine...

Marking the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the R2P (Responsibility to Protect) principle under the framework of the UN World Summit is an opportunity to reflect on the significance of the principle as a strong ...

This study analyzes the effectiveness of implementing Bandar Lampung City Regional Regulation No. 4 of 2022 on drainage systems, particularly the application of Biopore Infiltration Holes (BRH), and evaluates it through ...

So-called ‘blanket bans’ on visiting football supporters travelling to fixtures of European football competitions appear to have become a key source of contention between clubs, fans, football and political authoriti...

Abstract Background Society aims for a pollutant-free environment, reflected in initiatives under the European Green Deal, which seek to reduce hazardous substances and promote safe, sustainable chemical use. Comprehensi...

Abstract Background Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent degenerative joint condition marked by progressive loss of articular cartilage and chronic inflammation. Recent studies have recognized Cellular Communication ...

Illegible handwritten patient records pose a significant threat to clinical accountability and legal integrity in South Africa’s healthcare system. Despite clear guidelines from the Health Professions Council of South ...

The regulation of ocean observation in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the evolving regime related to the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) draws attention t...

This article analyzes trends in sexual violence against women in Indonesia and West Java during 2020–2021, using structural and radical feminist theories from figures such as Sylvia Walby, Andrea Dworkin, bell hooks, N...

This article examines the structural limits of decision-making automation in civil justice by taking enforcement proceedings as a paradigmatic test case. The enforcement phase is frequently portrayed as the segment most ...

Ophthalmomyiasis is a rare condition caused by the infestation of ocular or periocular tissues by fly larvae. It is typically reported in tropical regions, rural settings, or among individuals with animal exposure. This ...