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IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is strongly associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction and impaired glymphatic clearance. These dysfunctions may precede, contribute to, and interact bidirectionally with AD pathol...

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is a hematopoietic cytokine mainly produced by myeloid cells. Its primary role is to stimulate and promote neutrophil proliferation, which is commonly used in oncology to prevent mye...

IntroductionThe immune system is recognized as participating in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disease and there is renewed interest in identifying biomarkers of this immune activation. MethodsWe measured serum and c...

Abstract Objective The use of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-containing medium, which is a commercial medium that is used for cultivation of embryos in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments,...

BackgroundNon–Down syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (non–DS–AMKL) is a rare but high-risk subtype of pediatric AML with dismal outcomes. Allo-HSCT in first complete remission (CR1) is recommended as the pre...

ABSTRACT Background Current diagnosis of brain disease in dogs is dependent on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, including total nucleated cell counts and albumin concentrations. Hypothesis/Objectives To de...

Chagas disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic in 21 Latin American countries and the southern United States and now is spreading into several other countries due to migration. Despite the e...

Abstract Background Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona remains an antemortem diagnostic challenge in some horses. Recent work suggested the use of real‐time PCR (rtPCR) on cerebrospi...

Abstract Background Atlantoaxial (AA) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection in standing horses utilizes the controlled narcotic morphine, thereby limiting feasibility in field practice settings. Objectives To compare AA C...

Abstract Background ADAM10 and ADAM17, members of the membrane-bound disintegrin metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, act as α-secretases in the non-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein. While alteratio...

Abstract Background Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration is a common finding in neurological diseases of dogs. Distinguishing between intrathecally‐produced proteins and proteins that have passed t...

Abstract Background Hydromyelia is a common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding associated with compressive myelopathy caused by intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Objectives To describe the MRI features of hydro...

Abstract Background Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an underrecognized condition with rapidly evolving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigated temporal and regional trends in diagnost...

Abstract Acquired cervical scoliosis previously has been reported in dogs as a clinical sign associated with Chiari‐like malformation and syringomyelia but has not been described with inflammatory central nervous syste...

There is unequivocal evidence that alpha-synuclein plays a pivotal pathophysiological role in neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in synucleinopathies. These disorders present with a variable extent of cognitiv...

Background and purposeRadiotherapy (RT) often causes delayed radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) with unclear pathophysiology; emerging evidence links this to glymphatic dysfunction, but radiation effects on cerebrospin...

Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages can either promote or suppress cancer, but therapeutic targeting remains challenging because we lack a predictive framework for macrophage function. The prevailing M1/M2 paradigm ove...

Abstract Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a mutant biotype of the feline enteric coronavirus. The resulting FIP virus (FIPV) commonly causes central nervous system (CNS) and ocular pathology in cases of n...

Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks among the most aggressive malignancies of the female reproductive system. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and pronounced spatial heterogeneity significantly restrict ...

BackgroundSevere leukocyte adhesion deficiency-I (LAD-I) results from biallelic deleterious ITGB2 variants leading to deficient/defective CD18 leukocyte expression and impaired endothelial adhesion and extravasation.Chil...

Abstract Background Blood-based biomarkers could improve the precision of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical diagnosis and expand access to targeted treatments. Therefore, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of plasma ...

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults that fails to meet survival endpoint criteria in current immunotherapy Phase III clinical trials. As a small subset of immunotherapy-responsive...

Abstract Background Epilepsy in dogs and humans is associated with blood‐brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction (BBBD), which may involve dysfunction of tight junction (TJ) proteins, matrix metalloproteases, and astrocytes. I...

BackgroundCentral nervous system (CNS) relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may occur despite systemic remission and can present with isolated neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms. Early diagnosis may be challenging as...