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Abstract Background Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by extreme clinical heterogeneity that frequently results in diagnostic delays. Whil...

As the prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) continues to rise worldwide, more and more patients are reporting a lower quality of life. In addition to causing common nasal symptoms such as...

Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are common multifactorial disorders involving chronic inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, immune dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalance, and abnormalities in motility and gut–br...

Yueling Wang,1,* Juntao Yang,2,* Ying Ye,1 Lihua Lu,1 Haolei Wang,1 Peipei Guo,1 Na Hou,1 Xiaohan Huang,3 Cairui Li4 1Department of Medical Imaging, Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, Pe...

Abstract Background Iodine plays a critical role in producing thyroid hormones essential for brain development. An imbalance of iodine, whether deficiency or excess, can disrupt thyroid function. Iodine-induced hypothyro...

Abstract Background and purpose Claudin-5 plays a crucial role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through endothelial tight junction formation. Alternative splicing of claudin-5 within the microvascular e...

Abstract Background Subcortical structures are pivotal for cortico-subcortical communication, yet are highly vulnerable to stroke. Damage to these structures can produce widespread cortical dysfunction, but how subcortic...

Abstract Background Patients with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) are at risk of developing craniocervical instability (CCI). Iatrogenic causes of CCI in hEDS are underreported. We describe a case series of hED...

Background. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal disorders. This disease is diagnosed worldwide, although it is much more common in developed countries. The main role in the develop...

Abstract Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from mutations in the DMD gene, which differentially affect dystrophin isoforms (Dp427, Dp260, Dp140, Dp71) expressed in distinct brain and retinal cell types...

The fascia, a pervasive connective tissue network, has traditionally been studied for its structural and biomechanical roles in the human body. However, emerging evidence suggests that fascia may also play a significant ...

Abstract Granuloprival degeneration is an uncommon form of cerebellar cortical degeneration (CCD). A 3‐month‐old Yorkshire Terrier and a 7‐month‐old Lagotto Romagnolo dog were presented with a history of progress...

Abstract The heart-brain axis is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality following ischemic injury. Pathological and psychological changes in the heart can lead to anxiety, cognitive impairment, and brain in...

Kai Chen,1,* Yiqing Nong,1,* Ying Liu,2 Ziming Ye3 1Department of Neurology, Guangxi Medical University Kaiyuan Langdong Hospital, Nanning, 530023, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Rehabilitat...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cholinergic dysfunction, making acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a key therapeutic target. Although Garcinia kola has been widely reported ...

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons, which results in motor issues such as tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement. In additio...

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with rising global prevalence. Current management strategies predominantly address behavioral symptoms rather than core neurobi...

Abstract Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a cognitive, motor, and sleep-related disorder resulting from liver impairment, often linked to elevated ammonia levels. Zinc deficiency is common in patients with cirrhos...

Background and Aim: Cerebral ischemia is a major neurological condition that contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality. It occurs due to reduced blood supply to the brain, leading to neuronal injury and...

Neurodegenerative disorders represent a major and growing global health challenge, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, multifactorial pathophysiology, and limited disease-modifying pharmacological options. Increa...

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a major global health burden in terms of acute infection and long-term consequences. Approx...

Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a frequent and prominent phenomenon in major depressive disorder (MDD). Even though its prevalence and risk factors are relatively well understood, the potential mechanisms o...

Abstract Mutations in the presenilin (PS/PSEN) genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by enhancing cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). Ho...

Abstract Background Takotsubo syndrome (broken-heart syndrome) is considered a cardiac disorder typically associated with exposure to severe psychological or physical stress, and it clinically resembles acute coronary sy...