Research on hazard assessment of butyl benzyl phthalate

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the toxic effects and potential health hazards of butyl benzyl phthalate （BBP）， thereby providing a scientific basis for its risk management and control.MethodsLiterature published in both Chinese and English before September 20， 2024， was retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang Data， PubMed， and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database（CTD）. The literature was evaluated for quality using established guidelines for assessing the reliability and relevance of toxicological data. Then the included literature was classified according to the type of toxicity examined. Finally， synthesis of the evidence was conducted through qualitative description. For human population studies， only those with complete data on health effects were included. Meta-analysis was conducted after literature quality assessment.ResultsTotally 142 literatures were included in experimental studies， which demonstrated that BBP exhibited multiple toxic effects， including hepatotoxicity， nephrotoxicity， reproductive and developmental toxicity （e.g.， reduced sperm quality， altered sex hormone levels， shortened anogenital distance）， neurotoxicity， and immunotoxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level （NOAEL） of BBP was determined to be 50 mg/kg body weight. For human studies， 24 literatures were included. Meta-analysis results showed no statistically significant associations between BBP exposure and the following outcomes， such as sperm concentration/motility/morphology in males， preterm birth and spontaneous preterm birth in females， attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）， mental development index （MDI）， and psychomotor development index （PDI） in children， with the 95% confidence intervals （95% CI） of all pooled odds ratios （OR） included 1.ConclusionExperimental studies identified reproductive and developmental toxicity as the primary toxicological endpoints of BBP， yielding a tolerable daily intake （TDI） of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Due to insufficient evidence from human studies to establish a clear significant impact of BBP on human health， further research is warranted.