TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTING AUTOMATION AND VACUUM EQUIPMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

The article examines current approaches to optimizing the operating modes of distributed technical systems based on automation and intelligent control technologies, using the example of 10 kV electric networks. The analysis is based on current trends in electrical engineering aimed at increasing energy efficiency, operational reliability, and safety of distribution networks. A comparison of oil and vacuum circuit breakers is performed in terms of their design, maintenance requirements, environmental impact, and suitability for integration with automated monitoring and control systems. Oil circuit breakers, despite their long history of use, have significant drawbacks, including fire hazards, regular maintenance needs, and oil degradation. In contrast, vacuum circuit breakers demonstrate higher dielectric strength, minimal environmental risks, and extended maintenance intervals. The study outlines how the use of vacuum technology in circuit breaking enhances overall system performance, particularly under increasing grid loads and renewable energy integration scenarios. Furthermore, the role of automation is explored as a key factor in optimizing the performance of medium-voltage networks. Automation allows for real-time fault detection, remote control, predictive maintenance, and dynamic network reconfiguration. These capabilities contribute to reduced outage durations, improved service continuity, and more efficient energy distribution. A technical and economic assessment shows that while the initial investment in vacuum technology and automation may be higher, the lifecycle cost is significantly reduced due to lower maintenance and outage-related expenses. The findings are supported by recent case studies and simulation data from Ukrainian and international energy networks. The article concludes that a systematic transition to vacuum circuit breakers, combined with automation technologies, is a viable strategy for ensuring the long-term reliability and sustainability of 10 kV distribution networks. The proposed methodological approaches to automation and control are universal and can be adapted for use in other distributed systems.