A Mathematical Theory of Communication

Claude E. Shannon · Bell System Technical Journal · 1948

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Author / responsible party

Claude E. Shannon

Publisher

Bell System Technical Journal

Year

1948

Language

English

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The recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and Hartley <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the original message and due to the nature of the final destination of the information.

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APA 7

Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

MLA

Shannon, Claude E. "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." 1948. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x.

Chicago

Shannon, Claude E. 1948. "A Mathematical Theory of Communication.". https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x.

Harvard

Shannon, C. E. 1948, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x [Accessed 5 Aug. 2026].

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Resource details

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Title: A Mathematical Theory of Communication

Author / contributors: Claude E. Shannon

Publisher: Bell System Technical Journal

Publication year: 1948

Language: English

Subjects

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Bandwidth (computing); Computer science; Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem; Channel (broadcasting); Communication theory; Mathematics; Algorithm; Theoretical computer science; Telecommunications; Statistics; Computer vision