Health status and social determinants among Roma and Sinti communities in Italy: a cross-sectional study with a focus on sex-based inequalities

BackgroundThis study investigates the health status and social determinants of health among Roma and Sinti communities residing in Italy living in settlements and camps, with a particular focus on education, housing conditions, and particular attention to sex differences and inequalities.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on 619 individuals, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to assess demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, preventive healthcare practices, vaccination history, and housing conditions.ResultsThe sample consisted of 51.4% women and 48.6% men, with the majority being Italian citizens (69.5%). Findings revealed significant disparities compared to the general Italian population. Education and employment levels were markedly lower, especially among women, and early marriage and labor participation were common. Lifestyle behaviors showed pronounced differences between male and female participants, with men more likely to smoke and consume alcohol, while women reported poorer perceived health. Preventive health practices, including vaccinations and screenings, were consistently lower than national averages, though school attendance was associated with higher vaccination coverage. Housing deprivation was prevalent but showed limited direct statistical association with health status, although it correlated with lower adherence to preventive screenings.ConclusionsThe results underscore the intersectional vulnerabilities of Roma and Sinti populations, highlighting the roles of sex, education, and systemic barriers in shaping health outcomes. While the survey's limitations prevent statistical generalization, the findings provide critical insights into health inequalities and suggest that targeted interventions in education, housing, and healthcare access are essential to improve the wellbeing of these marginalized communities.