When news is “written by artificial intelligence”: a systematic review of provenance and disclosure cues in journalism and their effects on credibility and trust

IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in journalism, yet audience responses may depend on both AI provenance, meaning who or what is presented as having written the story, and transparency cues that disclose AI use. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical studies examining how AI provenance cues and AI disclosure cues in journalism affect perceived credibility and trust.MethodsFollowing PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection were searched on 2 February 2026 for English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. Searches yielded 492 records. After deduplication and pre-screen exclusions, 290 records were screened at title/abstract level, and 47 studies with retrievable full texts were included. A structured narrative synthesis was conducted, guided by the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, to map study designs, cue operationalisations, outcome targets (message, source, outlet), and moderators.ResultsAcross heterogeneous designs, AI provenance cues were not associated with a consistent “AI penalty”: most extractable results indicated no difference between AI-attributed and human-attributed news, and observed effects were typically conditional on topic, baseline trust, outlet/source cues, and whether human oversight was signalled. Evidence on disclosure cues was limited (10 studies) and was dominated by null or conditional findings. Scepticism appeared more likely when disclosures implied full automation without accompanying accountability or oversight information.DiscussionA Cue–Inference–Target (CIT) framework is proposed to explain when AI cues shift epistemic-quality versus normative-legitimacy judgments. Future research should use factorial designs that separate provenance from disclosure and standardise reporting of cue wording, placement, and validated outcome measures.