Optimal Protection of a Power Generating System With Warm Standby

Standby techniques are widely employed in power systems to enhance safety and reliability, and are typically classified as hot, warm, or cold. Recent work has emphasized warm standby because it combines key advantages of the hot and cold configurations. However, most existing studies consider only internal failures. In practice, power systems may also be exposed to intermittent cyber-physical attacks, underscoring the need for optimal protective measures. This paper investigates the optimal allocation of protective resources between the primary generator and a warm-standby generator, and further examines scenarios with imperfect switching, failure propagation, and their joint effects. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.