Evaluation of Electric Vehicles and Charging Stations in terms of Occupational Health and Safety

The global shift towards sustainable transportation has significantly increased the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and their supporting charging infrastructure. While these technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy efficiency, they introduce new and complex occupational health and safety (OHS) challenges. This paper adopts a comprehensive approach to assess the existing and potential OHS risks associated with EV technologies and charging systems. Emphasis is placed on lithium-ion battery (LiB) technologies, which involve hazardous materials that pose serious health risks during production, maintenance, and disposal. Although the long-term effects of electromagnetic fields generated by batteries remain inconclusive, preventive measures are recommended. Moreover, the high-voltage nature of EV motor and control systems presents substantial risks—such as electric shock, burns, and fire—particularly during maintenance and repair activities. Similar concerns arise in the installation and operation of EV charging stations, where electrical hazards, fire, and explosion risks increase. In industrial contexts, using battery-powered machines in enclosed spaces mitigates carbon monoxide exposure but introduces risks of thermal runaway and battery-related incidents. Cybersecurity emerges as a critical dimension, as data breaches and system disruptions through digital charging platforms can compromise safety and operational continuity. Additionally, integrating EV systems with renewable energy sources, while environmentally advantageous, requires careful OHS evaluation due to emerging technical vulnerabilities. In conclusion, ensuring the health and safety of workers and users in EV-related sectors demands updated OHS strategies, the implementation of both physical and digital safeguards, and awareness-based employee training to achieve long-term sustainability and hazard prevention.