Safety Practice Implementation and Challenges in Construction Sites: A Case Study in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region , Iraq

This study evaluates the implementation and challenges of safety practices at construction sites in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and rising workplace hazards. Despite adherence to local and international safety standards, high accident rates persist, revealing critical gaps between theoretical protocols and real-world applications. Using a mixed-methods approach, data from 217 participants (200 workers and 17 safety officers) were analyzed through statistical methods, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman’s rank correlation tests. Results highlighted non-normal distributions in key safety metrics and significant variability in knowledge, training, and availability of personal protective equipment (PPE). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.45, p < 0.01) was found between training adequacy and worker empowerment, emphasizing the role of structured training programs. Financial constraints, insufficient enforcement, and a lack of cohesive safety culture emerged as primary barriers to compliance. The findings underscore the need for integrated strategies combining enhanced training, financial investment, and management-driven safety initiatives to bridge the gap between policy and practice, ultimately reducing accidents and improving worker well-being.