Modeling of hysteresis in immobilized enzymatic systems with applications in electrochemical sensing

Understanding hysteresis behavior in immobilized enzymatic systems is crucial for improving the performance and reliability of electrochemical biosensors. This study aims to develop a mathematical model describing hysteresis in enzyme flow calorimetry systems used for electrochemical sensing applications. The model is based on the convection–diffusion equation with nonlinear substrate inhibition kinetics, assuming steady-state operation, uniform enzyme immobilization, and idealized planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometries. Nonlinear governing equations are solved using a combined analytical framework involving the Akbari–Ganji Method (AGM), Taylor Series Method (TSM), and Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). Closed-form expressions for substrate concentration and effectiveness factors are obtained. The analytical solutions closely match numerical simulation results and offer an efficient framework for evaluating inhibition effects and improving the performance of immobilized enzymatic systems.