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Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease

Kiera L. Malone et al · BMC · 2026

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Author / responsible party
Kiera L. Malone et al
Publisher
BMC
Year
2026
ISSN
1474-760X
ISSN
1474-760X
Language
English

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Abstract Histone post-translational modifications epigenetically regulate gene expression by modulating nucleosome structure and DNA accessibility. This review outlines how unique patterns of modifications on canonical and variant histones generate a combinatorial histone code. Interplay between multiple modifications increases the complexity as distinct histone proteoforms and nucleoforms can drive context-dependent outcomes. The histone code is highly dynamic, and we examine how histone modifications fluctuate with environmental cues, metabolic state, and cell-cycle progression. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of histone modifications contributes to disease, and how emerging technologies to decipher the histone code are yielding new biological insights and opportunities for therapeutic development.

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APA 7

al, K. L. M. E. (2026). Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-026-04011-3

MLA

al, Kiera L. Malone et. "Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease." 2026. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-026-04011-3.

Chicago

al, Kiera L. Malone et. 2026. "Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease.". https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-026-04011-3.

Harvard

al, K. L. M. E. 2026, Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease, BMC, available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-026-04011-3 [Accessed 9 Aug. 2026].

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Title
Unraveling the complexity of the histone code: implications for gene regulation and disease
Author / contributors
Kiera L. Malone et al
Publisher
BMC
Publication year
2026
ISSN
1474-760X
ISSN
1474-760X
Language
English

Subjects

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Epigenetics; Histone code; Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs); Histone crosstalk; Nucleosomes; Writers
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