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Artículo de revista

Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices

S. Shanjai Kumar et al · Nature Portfolio · 2026

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Author / responsible party
S. Shanjai Kumar et al
Publisher
Nature Portfolio
Year
2026
ISSN
2045-2322
ISSN
2045-2322
Language
English
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Abstract IoT devices are increasingly battery-powered, making energy efficiency a primary design concern. This work investigates how Java’s concurrency model (traditional OS threads vs. Virtual Threads) and garbage collection strategies affect battery lifetime. Using a smartwatch case study, we demonstrate that a modern, asynchronous design using Virtual Threads and ZGC achieves a 42% improvement in battery lifetime (7.0 h → 10.0 h) compared to a traditional blocking implementation. This improvement is driven by a 55% reduction in CPU active time and a 7 × increase in deep-sleep residency. This paper provides quantitative evidence and practical guidelines for building energy-efficient Java applications on constrained embedded devices.

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APA 7

al, S. S. K. E. (2026). Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40112-6

MLA

al, S. Shanjai Kumar et. "Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices." 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40112-6.

Chicago

al, S. Shanjai Kumar et. 2026. "Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices.". https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40112-6.

Harvard

al, S. S. K. E. 2026, Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices, Nature Portfolio, available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40112-6 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2026].

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Title
Impact of virtual threads and garbage collection on energy efficiency of Java applications for battery powered IoT devices
Author / contributors
S. Shanjai Kumar et al
Publisher
Nature Portfolio
Publication year
2026
ISSN
2045-2322
ISSN
2045-2322
Language
English

Subjects

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Energy efficiency; IoT devices; Embedded systems; Software architecture; Event-driven design; Low-power computing
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