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The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Todd F. Heatherton; Lynn T. Kozlowski; Richard C. Frecker; Karl‐Olov Fagerström · British Journal of Addiction · 1991

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Author / responsible party
Todd F. Heatherton; Lynn T. Kozlowski; Richard C. Frecker; Karl‐Olov Fagerström
Publisher
British Journal of Addiction
Year
1991
Language
English

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We examine and refine the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ: Fagerström, 1978). The relation between each FTQ item and biochemical measures of heaviness of smoking was examined in 254 smokers. We found that the nicotine rating item and the inhalation item were unrelated to any of our biochemical measures and these two items were primary contributors to psychometric deficiencies in the FTQ. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale. We present a revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).

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APA 7

Heatherton, T. F, Kozlowski, L. T, Frecker, R. C, & Fagerström, K. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x

MLA

Heatherton, Todd F, et al. "The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire." 1991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.

Chicago

Heatherton, Todd F, Lynn T. Kozlowski, Richard C. Frecker, and Karl‐Olov Fagerström. 1991. "The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire.". https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.

Harvard

Heatherton, T. F. et al. 1991, The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, British Journal of Addiction, available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x [Accessed 10 Aug. 2026].

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Resource details

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Title
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
Author / contributors
Todd F. Heatherton; Lynn T. Kozlowski; Richard C. Frecker; Karl‐Olov Fagerström
Publisher
British Journal of Addiction
Publication year
1991
Language
English

Subjects

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Nicotine; Nicotine dependence; Test (biology); Psychology; Rating scale; Psychometric testing; Clinical psychology; Medicine; Psychometrics; Psychiatry; Developmental psychology; Internal consistency
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