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A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.

David P. MacKinnon; Chondra M. Lockwood; Jeanne M. Hoffman; Stephen G. West; Virgil L. Sheets · Psychological Methods · 2002

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Author / responsible party
David P. MacKinnon; Chondra M. Lockwood; Jeanne M. Hoffman; Stephen G. West; Virgil L. Sheets
Publisher
Psychological Methods
Year
2002
Language
English

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A Monte Carlo study compared 14 methods to test the statistical significance of the intervening variable effect. An intervening variable (mediator) transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable. The commonly used R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) approach has low statistical power. Two methods based on the distribution of the product and 2 difference-in-coefficients methods have the most accurate Type I error rates and greatest statistical power except in 1 important case in which Type I error rates are too high. The best balance of Type I error and statistical power across all cases is the test of the joint significance of the two effects comprising the intervening variable effect.

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APA 7

MacKinnon, D. P, Lockwood, C. M, Hoffman, J. M, West, S. G, & Sheets, V. L. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83

MLA

MacKinnon, David P, et al. "A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects." 2002. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83.

Chicago

MacKinnon, David P, Chondra M. Lockwood, Jeanne M. Hoffman, Stephen G. West, and Virgil L. Sheets. 2002. "A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.". https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83.

Harvard

MacKinnon, D. P. et al. 2002, A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects, Psychological Methods, available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2026].

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Title
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.
Author / contributors
David P. MacKinnon; Chondra M. Lockwood; Jeanne M. Hoffman; Stephen G. West; Virgil L. Sheets
Publisher
Psychological Methods
Publication year
2002
Language
English

Subjects

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Type I and type II errors; Statistics; Statistical significance; Statistical hypothesis testing; Variable (mathematics); Statistical power; Variables; Mediation; Monte Carlo method; Mathematics; Econometrics; Mathematical analysis
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