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Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials

Jonathan A C Sterne; Alex J. Sutton; John P. A. Ioannidis; Norma Terrin; David R. Jones; J. Lau; James R. Carpenter; Gerta Rücker · BMJ · 2011

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Author / responsible party
Jonathan A C Sterne; Alex J. Sutton; John P. A. Ioannidis; Norma Terrin; David R. Jones; J. Lau; James R. Carpenter; Gerta Rücker
Publisher
BMJ
Year
2011
Language
English

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Funnel plots, and tests for funnel plot asymmetry, have been widely used to examine bias in the results of meta-analyses. Funnel plot asymmetry should not be equated with publication bias, because it has a number of other possible causes. This article describes how to interpret funnel plot asymmetry, recommends appropriate tests, and explains the implications for choice of meta-analysis model

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APA 7

Sterne, J. A. C, Sutton, A. J, Ioannidis, J. P. A, Terrin, N, Jones, D. R, Lau, J, Carpenter, J. R, & Rücker, G. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002

MLA

Sterne, Jonathan A C, et al. "Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials." 2011. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002.

Chicago

Sterne, Jonathan A C, Alex J. Sutton, John P. A. Ioannidis, Norma Terrin, David R. Jones, J. Lau, James R. Carpenter, and Gerta Rücker. 2011. "Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.". https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002.

Harvard

Sterne, J. A. C. et al. 2011, Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2026].

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Title
Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials
Author / contributors
Jonathan A C Sterne; Alex J. Sutton; John P. A. Ioannidis; Norma Terrin; David R. Jones; J. Lau; James R. Carpenter; Gerta Rücker
Publisher
BMJ
Publication year
2011
Language
English

Subjects

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Funnel plot; Funnel; Asymmetry; Publication bias; Meta-analysis; Plot (graphics); Forest plot; Econometrics; Statistics; Mathematics; Confidence interval; Environmental science
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