Data Capsule: A New Paradigm for Data Elementization and Transaction Circulation——Wang Ruixuan¹²³， Liu Zheli¹²³

To address difficult ownership definition, easy circulation loss of control, and hard value evaluation challenges caused by data's high replicability and non-rivalry in data factorization, a new data capsule circulation paradigm was proposed. Based on the triangular model of "controlled environment, tangible data, and identified personnel", a four-layer theoretical system covering ontology, ownership, circulation, and pricing was constructed. Through in-depth binding of data with processing and usage strategies and support of trusted execution environments, it enables secure data circulation and value release. Multi-dimensional analysis shows that the paradigm outperforms traditional solutions in data factorization support and comprehensive performance. This paradigm is applicable to scenarios such as dataset delivery, controlled circulation of special files, compliant data sharing, and controllable circulation of personal privacy data, providing a vital technical supplement for Trusted Data Space to ensure ownership circulation and full-process controllability.